Percepção do enfermeiro sobre os cuidados relacionados ao extravasamento de drogas antineoplásicas / Percepción de profesionales de enfermería sobre los cuidados relacionados con la extravasación de medicamentos antineoplásicos / Perception of the nursing professional about the care related to extravasation of antineoplastic drugs

Introdução: O uso de quimioterapias antineoplásicas atuando a nível celular com objetivo de tratar as neoplasias malignas, pode levar ao surgimento da toxicidade dermatológica, ocasionada pelo extravasamento, que consiste em um dano tecidual decorrente da infiltração, por via endovenosa, dos quimioterápicos aos tecidos circunvizinhos do local puncionado, necessitando de uma atuação profissional rápida e efetiva para evitar desfechos desfavoráveis para o paciente. Objetivo: Compreender a percepção do enfermeiro sobre os cuidados relacionados ao extravasamento de drogas antineoplásicas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de campo, descritivo-exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com quinze enfermeiros que atuam no ambulatório e enfermarias da oncologia adulto de uma instituição hospitalar filantrópica localizada em Recife/Pernambuco, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2020 através de entrevista e passaram por análise de conteúdo temática-categorial. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias. Cuidados preventivos: da identificação dos fatores de riscos à educação do paciente e equipe de saúde; Cuidados diretos: da identificação da ocorrência ao gerenciamento institucional do evento. Conclusão: Compreendeu-se que a percepção do enfermeiro destaca a importância do planejamento da assistência, incluindo a intervenção imediata, o registro do evento e o acompanhamento do paciente após o extravasamento, como forma de realizar um cuidado especializado e com maior segurança.

Introducción: El uso de quimioterapias antineoplásicas que actúan a nivel celular con el objetivo de tratar neoplasias malignas puede conducir a la aparición de toxicidad dermatológica. Esta es causada por extravasación, que consiste en daño tisular producto de la infiltración, por vía endovenosa, de los agentes quimioterápicos a los tejidos circundantes del sitio de punción. Lo anterior, requiere una actuación profesional rápida y eficaz para evitar resultados desfavorables para la persona. Objetivo: Comprender la percepción de profesionales de enfermería sobre el cuidado relacionado con la extravasación de fármacos antineoplásicos. Método: Se trata de un estudio de campo descriptivo-exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con quince personas enfermeras que actúan en las salas de oncología de población adulta y ambulatoria de un hospital filantrópico ubicado en Recife/Pernambuco, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados entre enero y diciembre de 2020, a través de entrevistas y fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido por categorías temáticas. Resultados: Emergieron dos categorías: atención preventiva (desde la identificación de factores de riesgo hasta la educación de la persona y del equipo de salud) y atención directa (desde la identificación de la ocurrencia hasta la gestión institucional del evento). Conclusión: Se entendió que la percepción de la persona profesional de enfermería destaca la importancia de la planificación del cuidado, incluyendo la intervención inmediata, el registro de eventos y el seguimiento después de la extravasación, como forma de realizar cuidados especializados y con mayor seguridad.

Introduction: The use of antineoplastic chemotherapies acting at the cellular level with the aim of treating malignant neoplasms can lead to the emergence of dermatological toxicity caused by extravasation. This toxicity consists of tissue damage resulting from the infiltration, by intravenous route, of the chemotherapeutic agents to the surrounding tissues, requiring quick and effective professional action to avoid unfavorable outcomes for the patient. Objective: To understand the nurses' perception of care related to extravasation of antineoplastic drugs. Method: This is a descriptive-exploratory field study with a qualitative approach; it was carried out with fifteen nurses who work in the outpatient and adult oncology wards of a philanthropic hospital located in Recife/Pernambuco, Brazil. Data were collected between January and December 2020 through interviews and underwent thematic-category content analysis. Results: Two categories emerged: Preventive Care: from the identification of risk factors to the patient and health team education; and Direct Care: from the identification of the occurrence to the institutional management of the event. Conclusion: It was understood that the nurse's perception highlights the importance of care planning, including immediate intervention, event registration, and patient follow-up after extravasation, to perform specialized care and with greater safety.

Simulation method based on PET image for tail vein extravasation correction / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To establish a method for correction of tail vein extravasation based on PET images and to improve the accuracy of SUV.Methods:The simulation method was established by phantom on Nano PET/CT and images were reconstructed by a three-dimensional ordered-subsets exception maximum algorithm. PET images were analyzed by using the Interview Fusion 1.0 software. The optimal scanning time and the ROI delineated method were found. The accuracy of the simulation method was verified by comparing the activity of simulation method with the mice tail activity measured by the dose calibrator directly on Kunming (KM) mouse ( n=11). Using the simulation method, the impact of extravasation on SUV was proved. Independent-sample t test was used to analyze data. Results:Ten minutes was selected as the optimal scanning time and SUV max 42% threshold was selected as the ROI delineated method. The specific correction formula was as follows: actual activity=image activity/(4.48× V+ 77.05)×100 (0.3 MBq/ml≤leakage concentration<6.5 MBq/ml); actual activity=image activity/(6.65× V+ 71.10)×100 (6.5 MBq/ml<leakage concentration≤14.8 MBq/ml). In the verification experiment, the difference rate between simulated and standard activity was (6.10±2.43)%. In actual operation verification, SUV was underestimated by (6.07±2.67)%. The corrected SUV (0.276±0.078) was not significantly different from the standard SUV (0.277±0.078; t=0.99, P=0.353), while the uncorrected SUV (0.264±0.078) was significantly lower than the standard SUV ( t=7.02, P<0.001). Conclusion:The correction calculation method based on PET images can realize the accurate correction of tail vein leakage activity and the SUV results of animal imaging.

Clinico-Pathological Profile of Oral Mucocele in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Comparative Study

Background: Oral mucocele are common non neoplastic lesions of the oral cavity that develop either as a result of damage to the duct or obstruction to the duct of minor salivary gland. Histopathologically oral mucoceles are divided into two categories: Extravasation mucoceles often seen in young individuals, the lower lip being the classic location. The second category includes retention mucoceles, which occurs most often in older patients usually located in the floor of the mouth and the inside the cheek. Objectives: This study aims to describe the demographic and histological characteristics of Oral mucocele along with com- parative study between Extravasation mucocele and Retention Mucocele. Method: A total of 32 cases of mucocele diagnosed in the Department of the Pathology, between 2012 and 2019 were re- viewed. The clinical data were recorded and histopathologic diagnosis was made. The study variables included were age, gen- der, type, site, color, etiology, symptoms and dimension of the lesion. Results: A total of 32 cases of oral mucocele cases were studied corresponding to a M:Fratio of 1.13:1. Peak incidence occurred in third decade followed by equally in the first and second decades of life. Extravasation Mucocele was the clinical diagnosis in 59.4% and Retention Mucocele in 40.6%. Most lesions were located in the lower lip (59.3%). Conclusion: This study provides an important insight into demographic and histological profile of oral mucocele lesion. It was concluded that oral mucocele predominantly presented in two histological forms, Extravasation Mucocele which was more common than other lesser common form Retention Mucocele. Although these lesion are easily diagnosed on the basis of clini- cal presentation but sometimes these swelling can mimic other benign mucosal lesion of these region, hence histopathologi- cal examination must be done in order to rule out these lesion and also to note any variation from its normal morphological findings.

Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm and Hand due to Extravasation of Computed Tomography Contrast Material

Although Compartment Syndrome is a common surgical emergency with a plethora of aetiologies, Intravenous extravasation of Computed Tomography (CT) contrast medium causing acute compartment syndrome has been reported very rarely. We present a 61-year-old female who underwent abdominal CT with Intravenous contrast for irreducible, recurrent incisional hernia, presented with persistent excruciating pain and progressive multiple blister formation over the left forearm and hand following intravenous contrast material injection via the left dorsum of the hand. Clinical diagnosis of compartment syndrome was made, X-ray left forearm and hand confirmed soft tissue contrast extravasation. She was taken for emergency decompression fasciotomy of the left forearm and hand compartments, and later partial wound closure and split skin graft into remaining areas were carried out. Clinicians and radiologist should aware of this potential complication for its early recognition, management and prevention.

Elaboração e implantação de protocolo de infiltração e extravasamento de antineoplásicos em acesso venoso central / Elaboración e implementación de un protocolo para la infiltración y extravación de antineoplásicos en el acceso venoso central / Elaboration and implementation of a protocol for infiltration and extravassion of antineoplastics in central venous access

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência na elaboração e implantação do protocolo de extravasamento e infiltração de antineoplásicos em acesso venoso central. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência realizado de fevereiro a maio de 2021. Resultados: Após a busca de evidências na literatura, foi elaborado um fluxograma referente aos cuidados de enfermagem realizados durante e após o extravasamento/infiltração. Além das medidas iniciais padronizou-se o uso da hialuronidase tópica e da fotobiomodulação (1 a 3 joules, com potência de 100 miliwats). A área deveria ser demarcada e se possível fotografada. Após a validação do protocolo por um grupo de enfermeiros especialistas e pelo escritório de qualidade, foi implantado em um Ambulatório de Oncologia de Hospital Público do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Conclusão: Apesar de raro, o extravasamento em acesso central pode acontecer e a equipe precisa de um protocolo assistencial para padronizar a conduta e garantir o sucesso da terapêutica.(AU)

Objective: To report the experience in the elaboration and implementation of the protocol for extravasation and infiltration of anticancer drugs in central venous access. Method: descriptive study, experience report type carried out from February to May 2021. Results: After searching for evidence in the literature, a flowchart was created referring to the nursing care performed during and after the extravasation/infiltration. In addition to the initial measurements, the use of topical hyaluronidase and photobiomodulation (1 to 3 joules, with a potency of 100 milliwatts) was standardized. The area should be demarcated and, if possible, photographed. After validation of the protocol by a group of specialist nurses and by the quality office, it was implemented in an Oncology Outpatient Clinic of a Public Hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. Conclusion: Although rare, extravasation in central access can happen and the team needs a care protocol to standardize the conduct and ensure the success of the therapy.(AU)

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia en la elaboración e implementación del protocolo de extravasación e infiltración de fármacos antineoplásicos en acceso venoso central. Método: estudio descriptivo, tipo relato de experiencia realizado de febrero a mayo de 2021. Resultados: Después de la búsqueda de evidencias en la literatura, se elaboró un diagrama de flujo sobre los cuidados de enfermería realizados durante y después de la extravasación/infiltración. Además de las mediciones iniciales, se estandarizó el uso de hialuronidasa tópica y fotobiomodulación (1 a 3 julios, con una potencia de 100 milivatios). El área debe ser delimitada y, si es posible, fotografiada. Después de la validación del protocolo por un grupo de enfermeros especialistas y por la oficina de calidad, fue implantado en un Ambulatorio de Oncología de un Hospital Público del interior del Estado de São Paulo. Conclusión: aunque rara, la extravasación en el acceso central puede ocurrir y el equipo necesita un protocolo de atención para estandarizar la conducta y garantizar el éxito de la terapia.(AU)

Fatores de risco para extravasamento em cateteres periféricos em crianças com câncer / Factores de riesgo para extravasación en catéteres periféricos en niños con cáncer / Risk factors for extravasation in peripheral catheters in children with cancer

Resumo Objetivo Estimar a incidência de extravasamento relacionada a cateteres intravenosos periféricos curtos em crianças e adolescentes com câncer e sua associação com características demográficas, clínicas, da cateterização e terapia intravenosa utilizada previamente. Métodos Tratou-se de um estudo longitudinal e prospectivo, realizado com crianças/adolescentes com idade entre 29 dias a 16 anos, hospitalizados em unidade de oncologia de um hospital pediátrico, submetidos à administração de fármacos e soluções por cateter intravenoso periférico curto. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante observação do cateterismo intravenoso periférico e prontuário do participante. Resultados Foram avaliados 299 cateteres intravenosos periféricos, realizados em 73 crianças e 23 adolescentes, com incidência de extravasamento de 8,7%. Conforme análise multivariada os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de extravasamento foram: histórico de dificuldade de punção venosa periférica, uso prévio de terapia intravenosa, ocorrência de complicações, impossibilidade de visualizar e palpar a veia. Conclusão Observou-se elevada incidência de extravasamento em crianças e adolescentes com câncer de uma cidade do Estado da Bahia, associada a uso prévio de terapia intravenosa, antecedentes de complicação, histórico de dificuldade da CIP, ausência de visibilidade e palpabilidade da veia.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la incidencia de extravasación relacionada con catéteres intravenosos periféricos cortos en niños y adolescentes con cáncer y su relación con características demográficas, clínicas, del cateterismo y terapia intravenosa utilizada previamente. Métodos Se trató de un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo, realizado con niños/adolescentes entre 29 días y 16 años de edad, hospitalizados en unidad de oncología de un hospital pediátrico, sometidos a la administración de fármacos y soluciones por catéter intravenoso periférico corto. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante observación del cateterismo intravenoso periférico y la historia clínica del participante. Resultados Se evaluaron 299 catéteres intravenosos periféricos, realizados en 73 niños y 23 adolescentes, con una incidencia de extravasación de 8,7 %. De acuerdo con el análisis multivariado, los factores de riesgo para la ocurrencia de extravasación fueron: historial de dificultad de venopunción periférica, uso previo de terapia intravenosa, episodios de complicaciones, imposibilidad de visualizar y palpar la vena. Conclusión Se observó una elevada incidencia de extravasación en niños y adolescentes con cáncer de una ciudad del estado de Bahia, asociada al uso previo de terapia intravenosa, antecedentes de complicaciones, historial de dificultad del CIP, ausencia de visibilidad y palpación de la vena.

Abstract Objective To estimate extravasation incidence related to short peripheral intravenous catheters in children and adolescents with cancer and its association with demographic, clinical, catheterization and previously used intravenous therapy characteristics. Methods This was a longitudinal and prospective study, carried out with children/adolescents aged between 29 days and 16 years, hospitalized in an oncology unit of a pediatric hospital, submitted to the administration of drugs and solutions through a short peripheral intravenous catheter. Data collection took place through observation of peripheral intravenous catheterization and participants' medical records. Results A total of 299 peripheral intravenous catheters were assessed, performed in 73 children and 23 adolescents, with an incidence of extravasation of 8.7%. According to multivariate analysis, risk factors for extravasation occurrence were history of difficulty in peripheral venous puncture, previous intravenous therapy use, occurrence of complications, inability to visualize and palpate the vein. Conclusion A high incidence of extravasation was observed in children and adolescents with cancer in a city in the state of Bahia, associated with previous intravenous therapy use, history of complications, history of difficulty in peripheral intravenous catheterization, lack of vein visibility and palpability.

Effects of photobiomodulation (660 nm laser) on anthracycline extravasation: An experimental study / Efeitos da fotobiomodulação (laser 660 nm) no extravasamento de antraciclina: estudo experimental / Efectos de la fotobiomodulación (láser de 660 nm) sobre la extravasación de antraciclinas: estudio experimental

Abstract Objective: to investigate the effect of using different agents (topical hyaluronidase, photobiomodulation, and the association of photobiomodulation with topical hyaluronidase) in preventing the formation of lesions caused by doxorubicin extravasation, as well as in the reduction of lesions formed by extravasation of this drug. Method: a quasi-experimental study conducted with 60 Wistar rats, randomized into four groups with 15 animals each. Group 1 (Control); Group 2 (Hyaluronidase); Group 3 (Photobiomodulation); and Group 4 (Hyaluronidase + Photobiomodulation). A wound was induced by applying 1 mg of doxorubicin to the subcutaneous tissue of the back of the animals. The concentration of topical hyaluronidase was 65 turbidity units/g and the energy employed was 1 joule of 100 mW red laser per square centimeter. With macroscopic evaluation every two days for 28 days, the following variables were observed: skin integrity, presence of blisters, hyperemia, exudate, bleeding, edema, crust, peeling and granulation tissue. Results: the animals from the groups subjected to photobiomodulation obtained better results in the assessment of the following variables: bleeding, hyperemia, exudate, intact skin and edema. Conclusion: it was evidenced that the association of photobiomodulation with topical hyaluronidase was effective in reducing the local effects and assisted in the wound healing process, and that PBM alone was able to prevent appearance of lesions.

Resumo Objetivo: investigar o efeito do uso de diferentes agentes (hialuronidase tópica, fotobiomodulação e da associação da fotobiomodulação com a hialuronidase tópica) na prevenção de formação de lesões causadas por extravasamento de doxorrubicina bem como na diminuição de lesões formadas pelo extravasamento desta droga. Método: estudo experimental com 60 ratos Wistar, randomizados em quatro grupos de 15 animais. Grupo 1 (Controle); Grupo 2 (Hialuronidase); Grupo 3 (Fotobiomodulação) e Grupo 4 (Hialuronidase + Fotobiomodulação). Induziu-se ferida aplicando 1 mg de doxorrubicina no subcutâneo do dorso dos animais. A concentração da hialuronidase tópica foi de 65 unidades de turbidez/g, a energia empregada foi de 1 joule de laser vermelho 100 mW por centímetro quadrado. Com avaliação macroscópica a cada dois dias por 28 dias, observou-se as variáveis: integridade da pele, presença de flictema, hiperemia, exsudato, sangramento, edema, crosta, descamação e tecido de granulação. Resultados: os animais dos grupos com fotobiomodulação obtiveram melhores resultados na avaliação das variáveis: sangramento, hiperemia, exsudato, pele íntegra e edema. Conclusão: evidenciou-se que a associação da fotobiomodulação com a hialuronidase tópica foi eficaz na diminuição dos efeitos locais e auxiliou no processo de cicatrização da ferida e que a FBM isolada foi capaz de prevenir o aparecimento de lesões.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar el efecto del uso de diferentes agentes (hialuronidasa tópica, fotobiomodulación y la combinación de fotobiomodulación y hialuronidasa tópica) en la prevención de la formación de lesiones causadas por la extravasación de doxorrubicina y en la reducción de las lesiones formadas por la extravasación de ese fármaco. Método: estudio experimental con 60 ratas Wistar, distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos de 15 animales. Grupo 1 (Control); Grupo 2 (Hialuronidasa); Grupo 3 (Fotobiomodulación) y Grupo 4 (Hialuronidasa + Fotobiomodulación). La herida se indujo aplicando 1 mg de doxorrubicina por vía subcutánea en el lomo de los animales. La concentración de hialuronidasa tópica fue de 65 unidades de turbidez/g, la energía utilizada fue de 1 joule de láser rojo de 100 mW por centímetro cuadrado. En la evaluación macroscópica cada dos días durante 28 días se observaron las siguientes variables: piel intacta, presencia de flictena, hiperemia, exudado, sangrado, edema, costra, descamación y tejido de granulación. Resultados: los animales de los grupos con fotobiomodulación obtuvieron mejores resultados en la evaluación de las variables: sangrado, hiperemia, exudado, piel intacta y edema. Conclusión: se demostró que la combinación de fotobiomodulación y hialuronidasa tópica fue eficaz para reducir los efectos locales y ayudó en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas y que la FBM por sí sola previno la aparición de lesiones.

Síndrome compartimental por extravasación de líquidos en paciente pediátrico, reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Compartment Syndrome Due To Liquid Extravasation In A Pediatric Patient. Case Report And Bibliographic Review

El Síndrome Compartimental por Extravasación (SCE) es una patología poco frecuente, con una incidencia de 0,01-6,5%, 1.8-11% en niños. En niños pequeños la comunicación es difícil y aumenta el riego de desarrollo de SCE. Se presenta un caso de un masculino de 9 meses de edad, con Neumonía viral sobreinfectada que desencadena SCE; recibió descompresión compartimental del antebrazo y mano derecha; con desarrollo de secuelas leves. Aplicar tratamiento para lesión por extravasación no siempre es suficiente; existen complicaciones leves-moderadas o SCE. Reconocer manifestaciones clínicas y factores de riesgo es fundamental para el diagnóstico, con estudios auxiliares como precaución en niños. La faciotomía, tratamiento estándar de oro; no es inocua e impacta en la morbilidad. Se recomiendan protocolos oportunos para extravasación, valoración temprana por cirujano, investigaciones en pediatría.

Extravasation Compartment Syndrome (SCE) is an infrequent pathology, with an incidence of 0,01-6,5%, whom 1,8-11% are children. Communication in children is usually difficult, with high risk of development of SCE. A case about a 9 month old male patient with an over-infected viral pneumonia and a triggered SCE is presented. He received compartmental decompression of right forearm and right hand; however he presented mild sequelae. Treatment of extravasation injury is not always sufficient enough. Mild-to-moderate complications or SCE can be presented. Recognizing clinical manifestations and risk factors and the use of auxiliary studies is fundamental for a good diagnosis and as prevention in children. Faciotomies, gold standard for treatment, are not completely safe, and have an impact on morbidity. Early protocols against extravasation, early examination by surgeon and investigation about SCE in chil-dren are recommended.

Effects of photobiomodulation on wound contraction in rats undergoing doxorubicin extravasation: a histomorphometric analysis / Efectos de la fotobiomodulación en la contracción de heridas en ratones sometidos a la extravasación de doxorrubicina: análisis histomorfométrico / Efeitos da fotobiomodulação na contração de feridas em ratos submetidos ao extravasamento de doxorrubicina: análise histomorfométrica

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze wound contraction and histomorphometric pattern of lesions in Wistar rats undergoing doxorubicin extravasation. Method: Sixty adult female rats were used, divided into four groups of fifteen animals: Group 1 (Control, without antidote); Group 2 (Hyaluronidase); Group 3 (Photobiomodulation), and Group 4 (Hyaluronidase + Photobiomodulation). Doxorubicin 1mg (0.5 ml) was applied subcutaneously on the animals' back, inducing the wound. Macroscopic and morphometric evaluation of the lesions was performed every two days for 28 days. On the 30th day, euthanasia was performed and the material was collected for histological evaluation. Results: The animals in the photobiomodulation and photobiomodulation + Hyaluronidase groups presented regeneration tissue with neovascularization and acute inflammation, with improvement in wound healing, which did not occur in the other groups. The contraction rates were better in those treated with photobiomodulation and photobiomodulation + Hyaluronidase, with healing percentages of 76.6% and 72.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of photobiomodulation (660 nm-1 J) with topical hyaluronidase (65 UTR) proved to be effective in the process of wound healing due to extravasation of doxorubicin, and can be incorporated into the practice of clinical oncology.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la contracción de heridas y patrón histomorfométrico de las lesiones en ratones Wistar sometidos a la extravasación de doxorrubicina. Método: Fueron utilizadas 60 ratas adultas, divididas en cuatro grupos de quince animales: Grupo 1 (Control sin antídoto); Grupo 2 (Hialuronidasa); Grupo 3 (Fotobiomodulación) y Grupo 4 (Hialuronidasa + Fotobiomodulación). Se aplicó 1 mg (0,5 ml) de doxorrubicina en el subcutáneo del dorso de los animales, induciendo la herida. Realizada evaluación macroscópica y morfométrica de las lesiones cada dos días por 28 días. En el 30° día se realizó la eutanasia y recolección del material para evaluación histológica. Resultados: Los animales de los grupos fotobiomodulación y fotobiomodulación+ Hialuronidasa presentaron tejido de regeneración con neovascularización e inflamación aguda, con mejoría de la cicatrización de las heridas, lo que no ocurrió en otros grupos. Las tasas de contracción fueron mejores en los tratados con fotobiomodulación y fotobiomodulación + Hialuronidasa, con porcentaje de cicatrización de 76,6% y 72,1%, respectivamente. Conclusión: la combinación de la fotobiomodulación (660nm-1J) con hialuronidasa tópica (65 UTR) demostró ser más eficaz en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas por extravasación de doxorrubicina, lo que posibilitó adoptarla en la práctica de la oncología clínica.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a contração de feridas e padrão histomorfométrico das lesões em ratos Wistar submetidos ao extravasamento de doxorrubicina. Método: Utilizados 60 ratos fêmeas adultos, divididos em quatro grupos de quinze animais: Grupo 1 (Controle, sem antídoto); Grupo 2 (Hialuronidase); Grupo 3 (Fotobiomodulação) e Grupo 4 (Hialuronidase + Fotobiomodulação). Aplicado 1 mg (0,5 ml) de doxorrubicina no subcutâneo do dorso dos animais, induzindo a ferida. Realizada avaliação macroscópica e morfométrica das lesões a cada dois dias por 28 dias. No 30º dia foi realizada a eutanásia e coleta do material para avaliação histológica. Resultados: Os animais dos grupos fotobiomodulação e fotobiomodulação+Hialuronidase apresentaram tecido de regeneração com neovascularização e inflamação aguda, com melhora na cicatrização das feridas, o que não ocorreu nos outros grupos. As taxas de contração foram melhores nos tratados com fotobiomodulação e fotobiomodulação + Hialuronidase, com percentual de cicatrização de 76,6% e 72,1%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A combinação da fotobiomodulação (660 nm-1 J) com hialuronidase tópica (65 UTR) mostrou-se eficaz no processo de cicatrização de feridas por extravasamento de doxorrubicina, podendo ser incorporada à pratica da oncologia clínica.

Elaboration and validation of an algorithm for treating peripheral intravenous infiltration and extravasation in children / Elaboração e validação de algoritmo para tratamento de infiltração e extravasamento intravenosos periféricos em crianças / Elaboración y validación de un algoritmo para el tratamiento de la infiltración y extravasación intravenosa periférica en niños

Objective: to elaborate and validate the content and appearance of an algorithm for treating infiltration and extravasation of non-chemotherapy drugs and solutions administered to children. Method: a methodological study of the technology formulation and validation type. To elaborate the algorithm, a bibliographic review was carried out to list the scientific evidence on the treatment of infiltration and extravasation. Content and appearance validation was in charge of 14 specialists in pediatric nursing, using the Delphi technique, adopting a value equal to or greater than 0.80 as Content Validation Index. Results: the algorithm was validated in the third evaluation by the judges, reaching a Global Content Validation Index of 0.99, being composed by the perception of the occurrence of the complication; discontinuation of intravenous therapy infusion; verification of signs and symptoms; measurement of edema; application of an infiltration and extravasation assessment scale and conduits to be used according to the characteristics of the fluid administered and the type of complication. Conclusion: the algorithm was validated and can be used in a practical and objective way by health professionals, in order to promote safety in the care of hospitalized children, with regard to reducing harms caused by infiltration and extravasation.

Objetivo: elaborar e validar o conteúdo e a aparência de um algoritmo para tratamento de infiltração e extravasamento de medicamentos não quimioterápicos e soluções administradas em crianças. Método: estudo metodológico do tipo elaboração e validação de tecnologia. Para elaboração do algoritmo, realizou-se revisão bibliográfica para elencar as evidências científicas sobre o tratamento de infiltração e extravasamento. A validação do conteúdo e aparência ocorreu com 14 especialistas em enfermagem pediátrica, a partir da técnica Delphi, adotando-se como Índice de Validação de Conteúdo desejável os valores iguais ou superiores a 0,80. Resultados: o algoritmo foi validado na terceira avaliação pelos juízes, atingindo Índice de Validação de Conteúdo Global de 0,99, sendo composto por percepção da ocorrência da complicação; descontinuação da infusão da terapia intravenosa; verificação dos sinais e sintomas; mensuração do edema; aplicação de escala de avaliação de infiltração e extravasamento e condutas a serem utilizadas mediante a característica do fluido administrado e tipo de complicação. Conclusão: o algoritmo foi validado e pode ser usado de maneira prática e objetiva pelos profissionais de saúde, com o intuito de promover a segurança no cuidado da criança hospitalizada, no que tange à redução de danos provocados pela infiltração e extravasamento.

Objetivo: desarrollar y validar el contenido y la apariencia de un algoritmo para el tratamiento de la infiltración y extravasación de medicamentos no quimioterápicos y soluciones administrados a niños. Método: estudio metodológico de formulación y validación de tecnología. Para la elaboración del algoritmo, se realizó una revisión de la literatura para enumerar la evidencia científica sobre el tratamiento de la infiltración y extravasación. La validación de contenido y apariencia se dio con 14 especialistas en enfermería pediátrica, utilizando la técnica Delphi, adoptando como Índice de Validación de Contenido deseable valores iguales o superiores a 0,80. Resultados: el algoritmo fue validado en la tercera evaluación por los jueces, alcanzando un Índice de Validación de Contenido Global de 0,99, compuesto por la percepción de la existencia de la complicación; interrupción de la infusión de terapia intravenosa; verificación de signos y síntomas; medición del edema; aplicación de escala de evaluación de infiltración y extravasación y conducta según las características del líquido administrado y el tipo de complicación. Conclusión: el algoritmo ha sido validado y puede ser utilizado de forma práctica y objetiva por los profesionales de la salud, con el fin de promover la seguridad en la atención de los niños hospitalizados, en lo que respecta a la reducción de los daños causados por infiltración y extravasación.

Parenchymal hyperdensities after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke / 国际脑血管病杂志

Intravascular mechanical thrombectomy is the first-line treatment for acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion. Parenchymal hyperdensities are common on CT scan after mechanical thrombectomy. At present, it is generally believed that it is caused by the increase of permeability after the destruction of blood-brain barrier. The appearance of parenchymal hyperdensities not only indicates a higher risk of hemorrhagic transformation, but also indicates the possibility of occurring infarction. The identification of parenchymal hyperdensities is very important for clinical decision-making and intervention, and dual-energy CT or MRI may have advantages in this regard. Further research is needed to clarify the characteristics and significance of parenchymal hyperdensities after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy.

Associação da fotobiomodulação e da hialuronidase tópica no extravasamento e infiltração de antineoplásicos. Estudo retrospectivo / Association of photobiomodulation and topical hyaluronidase in extravasation and infiltration of antineoplastics. Retrospective study / Asociación de fotobiomodulación y hialuronidasa tópica en extravasación e infiltración de antineoplásticos. Estudio retrospectivo

Objetivo: avaliar a ação da fotobiomodulação associada a hialuronidase tópica nos extravasamentos e infiltrações de antineoplásicos, na prevenção de formação de lesões. Método: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo que analisou os dados referentes a extravasamento e infiltração de antineoplásicos em um Ambulatório de Oncologia de um Hospital Público do interior do Estado de São Paulo no período de janeiro de 2018 a outubro de 2019. Resultados: A população do estudo constitui-se de 15 participantes, destes, 53% (n=8) apresentaram extravasamento e 47% (n=7) infiltração, gerando uma incidência de 0,6% e 0,5% respectivamente. Os antineoplásicos mais envolvidos foram paclitaxel e carboplatina. Não houve formação de lesões nos 15 pacientes estudados. Foram realizadas apenas 02 sessões de FBM em cada paciente com exceção de 01 paciente que foram realizadas 07 sessões, por ser extravasamento de antraciclina. Conclusão: O protocolo administrado foi efetivo na prevenção de formação de lesões durante extravasamento e infiltrações de antineoplásicos. (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the action of photobiomodulation associated with topical hyaluronidase on extravasations and infiltrations of antineoplastic agents, in preventing the formation of lesions. Method: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study that analyzed data referring to extravasation and infiltration of antineoplastic agents in an Oncology Outpatient Clinic of a Public Hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo from January 2018 to October 2019. Results: The population the study consists of 15 participants, of which 53% (n = 8) had leakage and 47% (n = 7) infiltration, generating an incidence of 0.6% and 0.5% respectively. The most involved antineoplastic agents were paclitaxel and carboplatin. There was no lesion formation in the 15 studied patients. Only 02 sessions of FBM were performed in each patient with the exception of 01 patient who were performed 07 sessions, for being anthracycline leakage. Conclusion: The administered protocol was effective in preventing the formation of lesions during extravasation and infiltration of antineoplastic agents.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la acción de la fotobiomodulación asociada a la hialuronidasa tópica sobre extravasaciones e infiltraciones de agentes antineoplásicos, en la prevención de la formación de lesiones. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo, que analizó datos referentes a extravasación e infiltración de agentes antineoplásicos en un Ambulatorio de Oncología de un Hospital Público del interior del Estado de São Paulo de enero de 2018 a octubre de 2019. Resultados: La población el estudio consta de 15 participantes, de los cuales el 53% (n = 8) presentaba fugas y el 47% (n = 7) infiltración, generando una incidencia de 0,6% y 0,5% respectivamente. Los agentes antineoplásicos más implicados fueron paclitaxel y carboplatino. No hubo formación de lesiones en los 15 pacientes estudiados. Solo se realizaron 02 sesiones de FBM en cada paciente con excepción de 01 paciente que se realizaron 07 sesiones, por ser fuga de antraciclinas. Conclusión: El protocolo administrado fue eficaz para prevenir la formación de lesiones durante la extravasación e infiltración de agentes antineoplásicos.(AU)

A randomised controlled trial on effect of splinting a joint on the lifespan of intravenous cannula in pediatric patients

Background: Children admitted to hospital and ICUs for various reasons like sepsis, respiratory distress, dehydration, shock etc. require an intravenous line for medications and IV fluids. Properly securing an intravenous line is very important. It is equally important to maintain the patency of the intravenous line for longer periods of time. But there is no adequate data regarding factors affecting the duration of patency of an IV line. This study was done to compare effect of limb splinting versus non-splinting with the functional duration of peripheral IV cannula.Methods: This study was done over 3 months between October - December 2018 in pediatric patients (age 6 months to 5 years) admitted to Kempegowda Hospital. Patients were randomised into splint group and non-splint group. In the splint group a firm splint was applied to the joint that was cannulated. No such intervention was done in the non-splint group. Time from IV line placement to removal was measured.Results: Total 438 patients were taken into study. After exclusion 200 patients were given a splint and 200 were not splinted. The median survival time was more in splint group when compared to non-splint group.Conclusions: This study shows that splinting helps to maintain patency of IV line for a more longer duration than non splinting of the joint.

Extravasación intraabdominal de líquido posterior a artroscopía de cadera: Reporte de un caso / Intraabdominal fluid extravasation after hip arthroscopy: Case report

Intraabdominal fluid extravasation (IAFE) is a rare complication of hip arthroscopy which has a wide range of clinical presentations, from mild abdominal distention to abdominal compartment syndrome and cardiorespiratory arrest. There are few detailed reports of cases in literature, therefore, considering risk factors, high pathological suspicion and training in ultrasound are key points to prevent complications and health costs. In this report, the case of a 29 year old male patient with severe abdominal pain during the immediate postoperative period of an arthroscopic hip surgery is presented, which led to a review of the literature on the subject.

La extravasación intraabdominal de líquido es una complicación poco frecuente de la artroscopia de cadera que presenta un amplio rango de manifestaciones clínicas, desde leve distensión abdominal hasta síndrome compartimental y paro cardiorrespiratorio. Hay escasos reportes de casos en la literatura, por lo que la alta sospecha considerando factores de riesgo y el ultrasonido son claves para prevenir sus complicaciones y costos asociados. En este reporte, se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 29 años con dolor abdominal intenso durante el postoperatorio inmediato de una artroscopia de cadera, lo que llevó a una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema.

Construção e avaliação de bundle frente ao extravasamento de antineoplásicos: estudo metodológico / Construcción y evaluación de bundle ante la extravasación de antineoplásicos: estudio metodológico / Bundle construction and assessment before antineoplastic extravasation: a methodological study

Resumo Objetivo Construir e avaliar o conteúdo de um bundle de prevenção e condutas frente ao extravasamento de agentes antineoplásicos em pacientes oncológicos adultos. Métodos Estudo metodológico, em três etapas: realização de Scoping Review, construção do bundle e avaliação do material por especialistas. Foi desenvolvido segundo o referencial metodológico da psicometria de Pasquali. Ressalta-se que o bundle foi dividido em um módulo com medidas de prevenção do extravasamento de antineoplásicos e outro módulo com condutas frente ao extravasamento. Para avaliação de conteúdo, aplicou-se a técnica de Delphi em duas rodadas (Delphi I [13 juízes] e Delphi II [nove juízes]) e considerou-se válidos aqueles itens com Coeficiente de Validação de Conteúdo (CVC) maior que 0.78 e consenso de mais de 80,0%. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial (Teste binominal). Resultados Todos os requisitos do bundle alcançaram concordância entre os juízes superior a 80,0%, bem como todos os itens alcançaram níveis de avaliação estatisticamente significativos. Ao final do Delphi II, os dois módulos do bundle se apresentaram expressivamente válidos (prevenção do extravasamento de antineoplásicos [CVC = 0,93] e condutas frente ao extravasamento [CVC = 0,96]). Conclusão O conteúdo do bundle demonstrou alta credibilidade e, sua adoção nas instituições de saúde, pode contribuir para a qualidade da assistência e das condutas dos profissionais frente ao extravasamento de agentes antineoplásicos em pacientes oncológicos adultos.

Resumen Objetivo Construir y evaluar el contenido de un bundle (conjunto de medidas) de prevención y conductas ante la extravasación de agentes antineoplásicos en pacientes oncológicos adultos. Métodos Estudio metodológico, en tres etapas: realización de Scoping Review, construcción del bundle y evaluación del material por especialistas. Fue desarrollado según la referencia metodológica de la psicometría de Pasquali. Se resalta que el bundle fue dividido en un módulo con medidas de prevención de la extravasación de antineoplásicos y otro módulo con conductas ante la extravasación. Para la evaluación del contenido se aplicó el método Delphi en dos rondas (Delphi I, 13 jueces, y Delphi II, 9 jueces) y se consideraron válidos aquellos ítems con Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) mayor a 0,78 y consenso de más de 80,0%. Los datos fueron analizados a través de estadística descriptiva e inferencial (Prueba binominal). Resultados Todos los requisitos del bundle lograron una concordancia superior a 80,0% entre los jueces, así como todos los ítems alcanzaron niveles de evaluación estadísticamente significativos. Al final del Delphi II, los dos módulos del bundle demostraron ser significativamente válidos (prevención de la extravasación de antineoplásicos, CVC = 0,93, y conductas ante la extravasación, CVC = 0,96). Conclusión El contenido del bundle demostró una alta credibilidad y su implementación en instituciones de salud puede contribuir a la calidad de la atención y de las conductas de los profesionales ante la extravasación de agentes antineoplásicos en pacientes oncológicos adultos.

Abstract Objective To construct and assess the content of a prevention and management bundle regarding the extravasation of antineoplastic agents in adult cancer patients. Methods There were three-step methodological study: Scoping Review, bundle construction and expert material assessment. It was developed according to the methodological framework of Pasquali psychometry. It is noteworthy that the bundle was divided into a module with measures to prevent antineoplastic extravasation and another module with conduits before extravasation. For content assessment, the Delphi technique was applied in two rounds (Delphi I [13 judges] and Delphi II [nine judges]) and those items with Content Validation Coefficient (CVC) greater than 0.78 and more than 80.0% consensus. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Binominal Test). Results All bundle requirements reached agreement among judges greater than 80.0%, and all items achieved statistically significant assessment levels. At the end of Delphi II, both bundle modules were expressively valid (prevention of antineoplastic extravasation [CVC=0.93] and ducts before extravasation [CVC=0.96]). Conclusion Bundle content has demonstrated high credibility and its adoption in health institutions can contribute to the quality of care and conduct of professionals facing the extravasation of antineoplastic agents in adult cancer patients.

Prevention and conduct against the Extravasation of antineoplastic chemotherapy: a scoping review / Prevención y conducta ante la Extravasación de quimioterápicos antineoplásicos: scoping review / Prevenção e conduta frente ao Extravasamento de agentes antineoplásicos: scoping review

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify and synthesize scientific evidence on prevention and management of extravasation of antineoplastic agents in adult patients by nurses. Methods: scoping review, according to Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR. Research was conducted in five electronic databases, Cochrane Library and eight catalogs of theses and dissertations. Data collection occurred from April to July 2018, with no time limit. The extracted data were analyzed and synthesized in a narrative way. Results: a total of 3,110 records were retrieved and 18 studies were kept for review. Most publications (66.6%) had a qualitative approach and addressed both aspects, i.e., prevention and management of extravasation of chemotherapy in adult patients. Conclusions: the implementation of protocols based on scientific evidence on prevention and management of extravasation of antineoplastic agents is paramount in order to provide patient safety and support to the nursing staff.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar y sintetizar evidencia científica sobre prevención y manejo de fugas de agentes antineoplásicos en pacientes adultos por parte de enfermeras. Métodos: revisión del alcance, según el Instituto Joanna Briggs y PRISMA-ScR. La investigación se realizó en cinco bases de datos electrónicas, la Biblioteca Cochrane y ocho catálogos de tesis y disertaciones. La recopilación de datos se produjo de abril a julio de 2018, sin límite de tiempo. Los datos extraídos fueron analizados y sintetizados en forma narrativa. Resultados: se recuperaron un total de 3.110 registros y se conservaron 18 estudios para su revisión. La mayoría de las publicaciones (66,6%) tenían un enfoque cualitativo y abordaban ambos aspectos, es decir, la prevención y el tratamiento contra la extravasación de quimioterapia en pacientes adultos. Conclusiones: la implementación de protocolos basados en evidencia científica sobre prevención y manejo de la fuga antineoplásica es primordial para proporcionar seguridad al paciente y apoyo al personal de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar e sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre prevenção e conduta do extravasamento de agentes antineoplásicos em pacientes adultos realizado por enfermeiros. Métodos: scoping review, conforme Joanna Briggs Institute e o PRISMA-ScR. Realizou-se pesquisa em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, na Biblioteca Cochrane e em oito catálogos de teses e dissertações. A coleta de dados ocorreu de abril a julho de 2018, sem limite temporal. Os dados extraídos foram analisados e sintetizados de forma narrativa. Resultados: foram recuperados um total de 3.110 registros e mantidos 18 estudos para a revisão. A maioria das publicações (66,6%) tinha abordagem qualitativa e apresentaram as duas vertentes, ou seja, prevenção e conduta frente ao extravasamento de quimioterapia em pacientes adultos. Conclusões: é primordial a implementação de protocolos baseados na evidência científica sobre prevenção e conduta diante do extravasamento de antineoplásicos a fim de fornecer segurança ao paciente e respaldo à equipe de enfermagem.

Risk factors of adjacent vertebral collapse after kyphoplasty with cement injection in older adult women / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Up to now, there are no reports on the risk factors of adjacent vertebral fractures after kyphoplasty with bone cement injection in older adult women in Haikou city or Hainan province of China. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of adjacent vertebral collapse (fracture) in older adult women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures after kyphoplasty with cement injection. METHODS: 192 older adult women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, aged 61 -84 years, who underwent kyphoplasty with bone cement injection during January 2015-October 2018 in Hainan General Hospital, were included in this study. General indexes, orthopedic indexes, and the incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures within 3 months after surgery were recorded. The correlation between patient's medical records and adjacent vertebral fractures after surgery was analyzed. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hainan General Hospital of China (approval No. 20180917). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Adjacent vertebral fractures occurred in 53 patients (68 vertebrae) within 3 months after surgery. The incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures was 27. 60%. (2) Univariate analysis showed that age, body mass index, menopausal age, diabetes mellitus, bone mineral density T value, the number of augmented vertebral bodies, bone cement extravasation, amount of bone cement and use of zoledronic acid after surgery could affect the occurrence of adjacent vertebral fractures after kyphoplasty (P 0. 05). (3) Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age (s 75 years old), bone mineral density T value (< -4. 5), bone cement extravasation, and the number of augmented vertebral bodies were risk factors for adjacent vertebral fractures (P < 0. 05). Menopausal age (£ 47 years old) and use of zoledronic acid after surgery were protective factors for adjacent vertebral fractures (P < 0. 05). (4) The results showed that in older adult women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated by kyphoplasty, in addition to age, bone mineral density T value, bone cement extravasation, the number of augmented vertebral bodies, and anti-osteoporosis treatment, premature menopause should also be paid attention to.

Extrusion of Endodontic Material to the Maxillary Sinus: Avoidable Intercurrence? / Extrusión de Material Endodóntico al Seno Maxilar: ¿Intercurrencia Evitable?

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to discuss and analyze whether extrusion of endodontic material constitutes avoidable intercurrence, discussing the clinical, ethical and legal implications. Patient LSR, 31 years old, female, attended a dental consultation complaining of pain in the second left maxillary premolar (tooth 25). Radiographically, a single root canal and thickening of the periodontal ligament associated with extravasation of 8 mm of gutta percha to the maxillary sinus were observed. The first endodontic session aimed to performing the desobturation, root canal preparation and intracanal medication placement. The root canal obturation was performed in the second session. Was carried out an apical surgery that removed 2 mm from the root apex and also performed the covered with a collagen membrane. A 22 months follow-up revealed a tooth function, absence of painful symptomatology or infection, and radiographically normal periodontal ligament and bone neoformation. The second single-root premolar is the type of premolar with less distance with the floor of the maxillary sinus. In this case, the extrusion of the obturator material occurred due to the superinstrumentation of the root canal associated with the proximity of the root with the membrane of the maxillary sinus. From the ethical and legal point of view, the patient has the right to be informed about any intercurrences that may arise during or after the treatment, and the informed consent form is essencial. This document will allow the patient to make a decision about performing an endodontic treatment in which the risk of an accident or complication is imminent or that treatment failure is already expected. It is important that professionals make appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan for each case, since this conduct may avoid clinical intercurrences. In addition, if the intercurrences occur, the patient should be advised of how to proceed.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue discutir y analizar si la extrusión de material endodóntico constituye una intercurrencia evitable, discutiendo las implicaciones clínicas, éticas y legales. Paciente LSR, de 31 años de edad, mujer, asistió a una consulta dental quejándose de dolor en el segundo premolar maxilar izquierdo (diente 25). Radiográficamente, se observó un solo conducto radicular y engrosamiento del ligamento periodontal asociado con la extravasación de 8 mm de gutapercha al seno maxilar. La primera sesión de endodoncia tuvo como objetivo realizar la desobturación, la preparación del conducto radicular y la colocación de medicación intracanal. La obturación del conducto radicular se realizó en la segunda sesión. Se llevó a cabo una cirugía apical que extrajo 2 mm del ápice de la raíz y también se realizó el recubrimiento con una membrana de colágeno. Un seguimiento de 22 meses reveló función dental, ausencia de sintomatología dolorosa o infección y ligamento periodontal radiográficamente normal y neoformación ósea. El segundo premolar de una sola raíz es el tipo de premolar con menos distancia con el piso del seno maxilar. En este caso, la extrusión del material obturador se produjo debido a la superinstrumentación del conducto radicular asociada con la proximidad de la raíz con la membrana del seno maxilar. Desde el punto de vista ético y legal, el paciente tiene derecho a ser informado acerca de cualquier inter-ocurrencia que pueda surgir durante o después del tratamiento, y el formulario de consentimiento informado es esencial. Este documento le permitirá al paciente tomar una decisión sobre la realización de un tratamiento de endodoncia en el que el riesgo de un accidente o complicación sea inminente o de que ya se espera un fracaso del tratamiento. Es importante que los profesionales realicen un diagnóstico y un plan de tratamiento adecuados para cada caso, ya que esta conducta puede evitar las intercurrencias clínicas. Además, si se producen intercurrencias, se debe informar al paciente sobre cómo proceder.

Prevención y tratamiento de la extravasación de quimioterapia intravenosa / Prevention and Treatment of Extravasation of Intravenous Chemotherapy

RESUMEN Introducción: La extravasación endovenosa de citostáticos es una grave complicación del tratamiento en el paciente con cáncer, que puede provocar graves daños tisulares. Objetivo: Sistematizar las medidas de prevención y tratamiento a tomar por los profesionales de enfermería en la extravasación de quimioterapia intravenosa. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica sistemática con análisis de contenido de documentos originales y de revisión publicados en español e inglés desde 2009 a 2016, con las siguientes palabras clave: "extravasación", "quimioterapia", "medidas de prevención", "tratamiento de extravasación" en SciELO. Se identificaron y revisaron artículos que fueron útiles para el desarrollo de la revisión, así como monografías de varias revistas y tesis doctorales actualizadas que permitieron el análisis histórico lógico de los criterios que sustentan medidas de prevención y tratamiento en la extravasación de quimioterapia intravenosa. Conclusiones: La prevención de esta complicación ha demostrado ser la mejor medida para evitar el daño a los tejidos, sin embrago existen tratamientos alternativos que el personal de enfermería debe conocer y aplicar con rapidez y eficiencia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intravenous cytostatic extravasation is a serious complication of treatment in cancer patients, which can cause serious tissue damage. Objective: To systematize the prevention and treatment measures to be taken by nursing professionals in case of extravasation of intravenous chemotherapy. Methods: Systematic bibliographic review with content analysis of original and review documents published in Spanish and English in SciELO from 2009 to 2016, with the following keywords: extravasación [extravasation], quimioterapia [chemotherapy], medidas de prevención[prevention measures], tratamiento de extravasación[treatment of extravasation]. Articles that were useful for the development of the review were identified and consulted, as well as monographs of several updated journals and doctoral theses, which allowed the logical-historical analysis of the criteria that support prevention and treatment measures in the extravasation of intravenous chemotherapy. Conclusions: The prevention of this complication has proven to be the best measure to avoid tissue damage; however, there are alternative treatments that nurses should know and apply quickly and efficiently(AU)

Extravasation of iodinated contrast medium in cancer patients undergoing computed tomography / Avaliação do extravasamento do meio de contraste iodado em pacientes oncológicos submetidos a tomografia computadorizada

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of extravasation of iodinated contrast medium (ICM) at the site of intravenous injection in oncology patients submitted to computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, single-center study that evaluated all patients who underwent CT with ICM administration and presented ICM extravasation, at a cancer center, between January 2010 and December 2015. Results: During the study period, we evaluated a total of 99,076 ICM injections and identified 199 cases of extravasation, the incidence rate therefore being 0.20%. Among the patients who presented extravasation, the mean age was 59.22 years and 60% were female. The extravasation was classified as mild in 94.10% of the patients and as moderate in 5.90%. There were no cases of severe extravasation in the sample. Conclusion: The incidence of ICM extravasation in cancer patients submitted to CT in the present study was similar to that reported for the general population, according to other studies in the literature. The vast majority of cases of extravasation were considered mild, and no severe cases were observed in the study sample.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a taxa de incidência de extravasamento do meio de contraste iodado (MCI) no local de injeção intravenosa em pacientes oncológicos submetidos a tomografia computadorizada (TC). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, unicêntrico, em que foram considerados elegíveis todos os pacientes que realizaram TC com contraste intravenoso e que apresentaram extravasamento do MCI, num centro de referência oncológico, no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2015. Resultados: No período do estudo foram registrados 199 extravasamentos em 99.076 injeções de MCI, com taxa de incidência de 0,20%. Nos pacientes que apresentaram extravasamento, a média de idade foi 59,22 anos, sendo a maioria do gênero feminino (60%). Na maioria dos pacientes (94,10%), o extravasamento foi classificado como leve, sendo os demais (5,90%) classificados como extravasamento moderado. Não houve pacientes com extravasamento do MCI classificados como grave na amostra. Conclusão: A taxa de incidência de extravasamento do MCI em pacientes oncológicos submetidos a TC no presente estudo foi semelhante à incidência na população geral, de acordo com outros trabalhos encontrados na literatura. A grande maioria dos casos de extravasamento foi considerada leve e não foi observado nenhum caso grave na amostra estudada.